Imprint in history

**~همسآإت ورديـهه~** · 02-08-2015, 01:33 PM

رد: Imprint in history

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and the twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began what became a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether works attributed to him may have been written by others.[5]

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, and these plays are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime.

**~همسآإت ورديـهه~** · 02-08-2015, 01:48 PM

رد: Imprint in history

William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an
alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer.[8] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day.[9] This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing to biographers, since Shakespeare died 23 April 1616.[10] He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son.[11]

Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford,[12] a free school chartered in 1553,[13] about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar, the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree,[14] and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

John Shakespeare's house, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-upon-Avon.
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage.[16] The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times,[17] and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.[18] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585.[19] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.[20]

Shakespeare's coat of arms, featuring a spear as a pun on the family name.[nb 5]
After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the 'complaints bill' of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589.[21] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".[22] Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him.[23] Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London.[24] John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster.[25] Some 20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.[26] Little evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common
.name in the Lancashire area.[]

**~همسآإت ورديـهه~** · 02-08-2015, 01:53 PM

رد: Imprint in history

Later years and death

Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford 'some years before his death'.[51][52] He was still working as an actor in London in 1608; in an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635 Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men 'placed men players' there, 'which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.'.[53] However it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609.[54][55] The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610),[56] which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.[57] Shakespeare continued to visit London during the years 1611–1614.[51] In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v. Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.[58] In March 1613 he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory;[59] and from November 1614 he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.[60] After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.[61] His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher,[62] who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Men.[63]

Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.[64] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". There is no extant contemporary source that explains how or why he died. After half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted."[65][66] This is not impossible, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon/From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[67]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607,[68] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.[69] Shakespeare signed his last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, who had died during childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church court to do public penance which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.[70]

In his will, Shakespeare left the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna.[71] The terms instructed that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body".[72] The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying.[73] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line.[74] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically.[75] He did make a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.[76] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the
matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance.[77]

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death.[78] The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008:[79]

Shakespeare's grave, next to those of Anne Shakespeare, his wife, and Thomas Nash, the husband of his granddaughter.
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare,
To digg the dvst encloased heare.
Bleste be man spares thes stones,

(Modern spelling: Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, / To dig the dust enclosed here. / Blessed be the man that spares these stones, / And cursed be he that moves my bones.)

Sometime before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil.[81] In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.[82]

Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

**~همسآإت ورديـهه~** · 07-08-2015, 01:31 AM

رد: Imprint in history

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse.

Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, Greek, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated Areopagitica (1644)—written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship—is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of free speech and freedom of the press.

William Hayley's 1796 biography called him the "greatest English author,"[1] and he remains generally regarded "as one of the preeminent writers in the English language,"[2] though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death (often on account of his republicanism). Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as "a poem which...with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind," though he (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described Milton's politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican".[3]

**~همسآإت ورديـهه~** · 07-08-2015, 01:33 AM

رد: Imprint in history

Early life Edit
Blue plaque in Bread Street, London, where Milton was born
John Milton was born in Bread Street, London, on 9 December 1608, the son of the composer John Milton and his wife, Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562–1647) moved to London around 1583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father, Richard Milton, for embracing Protestantism. In London, the senior John Milton married Sarah Jeffrey (1572–1637) and found lasting financial success as a scrivener.[5] He lived in, and worked from, a house on Bread Street, where the Mermaid Tavern was located in Cheapside. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left his son with a lifelong appreciation for music and friendships with musicians such as Henry Lawes.[6]

Milton's father's prosperity provided his eldest son with a private tutor, Thomas Young, a Scottish Presbyterian with an M.A. from the University of St. Andrews. Research suggests that Young's influence served as the poet's introduction to religious radicalism.[7] After Young's tutorship Milton attended St Paul's School in London. There he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English (he also wrote in Italian and Latin).

John Milton at age 10 by Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen
Milton's first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Bennington. One contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Milton's younger brother: "When he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or one o'clock at night".[8]

In 1625 Milton began attending Christ's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a B.A. in 1629,[9] and ranked fourth of 24 honours graduates that year in the University of Cambridge.[10] Preparing to become an Anglican priest, Milton stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632.

Milton was probably rusticated (suspended) for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, Bishop William Chappell. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626; there he wrote his Elegia Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Diodati, a friend from St Paul's. Based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chappell "whipt" Milton.[8] This story is now disputed, though certainly Milton disliked Chappell.[11] Historian Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was "apparently" rusticated, and that the differences between Chappell and Milton may have been either religious or personal.[12] It is also possible that, like Isaac Newton four decades later, Milton was sent home because of the plague, by which Cambridge was badly affected in 1625. Later, in 1626, Milton's tutor was Nathaniel Tovey.

At Cambridge, Milton was on good terms with Edward King, for whom he later wrote Lycidas. He also befriended Anglo-American dissident and theologian Roger Williams. Milton tutored Williams in Hebrew in exchange for lessons in Dutch.[13] At Cambridge Milton developed a reputation for poetic skill and general erudition, but experienced alienation from his peers and university life as a whole. Watching his fellow students attempting comedy upon the college stage, he later observed 'they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools'.[14]

Milton was disdainful of the university curriculum, which consisted of stilted formal debates on abstruse topics, conducted in Latin. His own corpus is not devoid of humour, notably his sixth prolusion and his epitaphs on the death of Thomas Hobson. While at Cambridge he wrote a number of his well-known shorter English poems, among them On the Morning of Christ's Nativity, his Epitaph on the admirable Dramatick Poet, W. Shakespeare, his first poem to appear in print, L'Allegro and Il Penseroso.

**وهم الأقنعه** · 30-07-2020, 02:15 PM

رد: Imprint in history

Browning was born in the suburb of Camberwell in London on May 7, 1812 AD. Robert inherited from his father an employee of the Bank of England and his passion for books and reading. His father taught him the Latin and Greek languages. He left school at the age of fourteen and continued his education at home until the age of sixteen where he joined the University of London But it was not his first year until he left it.

His poetic talent was fair
Browning's poetic talent appeared at an early age. He wrote his first small poetry collection at the age of five with encouragement from his mother, but when he did not find publishers for her production, he desperately burned them, but his works were not known and not famous. Critics and readers ignored his early works because of their ambiguity and the intense indulgence of the poet with his individual feelings, Like his poetry collection "Paracelsus" in 1835 AD, it did not receive the attention of critics, as did his poetic play "Sordello" 1840, and his first poem was published in 1833 AD and was in the name of "Pauline". The writer Jot Stewart Mill launched an attack that described him as depressing and narcissistic. A major role in changing the way Browning wrote and his interest in the opinions of critics and scholars more than his interest in the wishes of the general readers, and he turned to the method of individual theatrical dialogue (monologue) where the poem received one of the personalities involved in the events, and this method left the greatest impact in modern poetry, and his poetic group has met “The bells and pomegranate” (1841-1846), which followed his first works and which show a difference in his style, wide fame, especially his poems “My Last Dukes”, “Monologues of the Spanish Monastery” and “The Bishop orders the preparation of his grave.”

Then Browning's poems and plays continued successively as his literary product was so abundant that Shakespeare's production matched, but mystery remained to characterize his style, in the year 1855 AD his poetry collection "Men and Women" appeared, in which the famous poem "Child Roland came to the Dark Tower", and was published after his return to England. New from theatrical poems under the title "theatrical personalities" came in which his most beautiful poems, such as "Death in the Desert", but his most important works, as critics agree, are his huge theatrical poems collection "The Ring and the Book" (1868-1869), published in four volumes, which summarize Browning's thought And his style and show the ingredients of the human soul.

Browning's position on his work is a secular and secular position, and perhaps this worldliness with Browning is the reason for the increasing number of his readers in this era. As for technology, dialect and content, Browning predicted in his poetry most of the interests and options of the twentieth century, his poetry shows that his knowledge is broad and astonishes the reader and sometimes confuses him.

A fair love story
When the poet Elizabeth Barrett published her poetry collection in 1844 and attracted the attention and admiration of the critics and also the admiration of Browning, he did not appear that in light of his frustration with the lack of critics wrapping him, but Elizabeth was a fan of Browning's poems and tried to help him when she included in her group "The Engagement of Lady Geraldine" advice addressed to The hero seeks one of his browning poems in his collection "Gong and Pomegranate," because the pomegranate, whenever he cuts deeper into his core, shows a heart that has veins that acquire a color from human blood.

After Browning notices this noble gesture from his poet colleague, he decides to send it. On January 10, 1845 A.D., he begins writing his first letter to her confessing his love and admiration for her poems and for her personally, and the correspondence between them continues, until he was able to visit her home because she was sick and bedridden, expressing her love for him even after If he sees her, but her father soon realizes the emergence of a love relationship between them especially with the improvement of her health, and decides to prevent this matter so he announces the family's travel to the countryside in an attempt to differentiate between them, then Browning and Elizabeth decide to marry in secret and this was done on September 2, 1846 AD and then escape to Paris

The two were known for their liberal liberal views and the lack of praise of the empire or the flattery of the royal family, and they settled in Florence until the death of his wife on June 29, 1861 AD and Browning returned to England.

Browning died on December 12, 1889 AD in the city of Venice and was buried in the corner of poets in the monastery of Westminster

**وهم الأقنعه** · 30-07-2020, 02:17 PM

رد: Imprint in history

Her poems in 1844 made her one of the most famous authors of what the English poet Robert Browning (1812-1892) enthusiastically wrote for her to tell her about his love for her poems arranged a meeting between them in 1845. Those correspondence between them was considered the most famous in the literature of spinning.

During her life, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was considered the greatest poet in England, expressing her poetry about the uniqueness of style and richness of imagination. Her works also reveal details of aspects of her life that inflame imagination and captivity of the door, most notably her love for the poet Robert Browning.

Elizabeth Barrett was born in Coxhole Hall, County Durham, to a father who is Edward Molton Barrett, the owner of a farm, was her twelve older sisters, and despite her poor health, her body paper was smarter than her Sunni age and she spent her days at home studying languages and reading in literature, philosophy, history, and poetry and in 1835 After financial setbacks, the family moved to live in London, where they eventually settled in the house that had a great reputation afterwards, which is 50 Wimpol Street. In London, I met John Kennon, who attracted the attention of prominent literary figures to her works, although she had published a notice since An early period of her life, her first work aroused the interest of the readership: Diwan: Angels and Other Poems (1835), which was the subject of praise for the book of literary reviews in magazines, who described his writings as "the greatest young poets who hold high hopes". Edward Akbar met her male brothers who She had a great love that drowned, an accident that had a great impact on the deterioration of her health and yet she continued to poetry throughout this miserable period of her life and in 1844 her book published poems that investigated She is very popular.

In 1845, Robert Browning, whose poetry admired Elizabeth, began her correspondence at the behest of their mutual friend John Kennon, and soon the meeting took place between Elizabeth and Browning and they married in 1846 and they went together to Europe.

After the couple spent a short period in France, they moved to Italy, where they settled in Florence, and in 1849 they had a baby boy and Elizabeth published the second part of the Poems Office (1850) that included translated poems from the Portuguese and recorded details of the romantic relationship between them and Browning, as for her huge novel with The poetic spirit Aurora Lee (1856), which was overpowered by somewhat excessive emotionalism, was praised for its abundant affection and mental vitality, and despite what pointed out by the critics who presented her with great flaws in the plot and the drawing of characters and literary taste Elizabeth until this period of Her life always included her introductory social opinions, but her hair took a new direction and began to exude her growing interest in the political conditions in Italy. She issued her first office dealing with the political situation in Italy, and titled: The Windows of Guido's House (1851). There are no depths or indications similarly. No other office has subsequently issued them and included a notification of an explicit political nature, the approval of its contemporaries, and this book bears the title Poems before the congress (1860) Elizabeth's estranged interest in politics had an apparently damaging effect on her health, the most distressing being caused by the death of Camilo Cavour - the great Italian national fighter, in early June of 1861, the same month that saw her death in Florence, and in 1862 her final book, Poems, was published.

Since her death, several volumes have been issued containing its correspondence and letters, which are overflowing with captivating vitality and taken to the Councils of Hearts.

Imprint in history

Imprint in history

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